Treasury Single Account (TSA): This is defined as a unified structure of government bank accounts for MDA’s. TSA is a single account in the custody of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). TSA is a bank account or a set of linked accounts through which the government transacts all its receipts and payments. Treasury Single Account is a concluding phase of the E-collection scheme. The Federal Government of Nigeria commenced the implementation of e-collection component of TSA in January 2015. The first Treasury Circular on e-Collection was issued on the 19th of March 2015.
E-collection automates and streamline revenues and other monies payable to MDAs as well as other Institutions and Parastatal directly into the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) or designated accounts of each MDA at CBN using the CBN Payment Gateway.
This is one of the good initiatives of federal government of Nigeria that has help to bring about transparency and accountability. This initiative has given Nigeria government control over the management of fund in the hand of Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs).
OBJECTIVES OF FGN E-COLLECTION
Ensure total compliance with the relevant provisions of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (Section 162 & 80).
Collect and remit all revenues due to the Federation Account and Federal Government Consolidated Revenue Fund.
Block all leakages in government revenue generation, collection and remittance
Enthrone a new regime of transparency and accountability in the management of government receipts.
Improve on availability of funds for development programs and projects.
Align with the CBN Cashless policy.
Ease the burden of revenue payers.
BENEFITS OF TSA
Government have oversight of all revenue and other monies collected by MDAs
2. Increase Government receipt by blocking any form of leakages
3. Makes it easier for Nigerians to pay government through introduction of electronic channels like Cards, Internet Banking and POS.
4. Payment is received promptly, and service can be rendered to the payer
5. Ensure availability of funds for the execution of government policies, programmes and projects. Control aggregate cash flows within fiscal and monetary limits
6. Improve management of domestic borrowing programme
7. Investment of idle funds
8. Improves transparency and accountability of all FGN receipts
9. Consolidated view of government cash position and status
TREASURY SINGLE ACCOUNT STAKEHOLDERS
Ministries, Departments & Agencies (MDAs);
2. Deposit Money Banks (DMBs);
3. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN);
4. Service Providers.
THE ROLE OF CBN IN TSA
Provide payment gateway platform
2. Development of overall e-collection and e-payment policies for the nation
3. Interfacing with Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) and monitoring them
4. Creation and maintenance of bank accounts including CRF/TSA, FAAC and TSA Sub Accounts
THE ROLE OF DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS (DMB)
Ensures that:
Their duties under the subsisting Payment Gateway MOU are effectively discharged
2. Customers making payment to government are given prompt service
3. All collections in favour of government are promptly remitted
4. Operational and other relevant issues are logged with appropriate authorities (OAGF, CBN and REMITA) without delay
The ROLE OF MDAs
Ensure that their revenue targets are met
2. Provide their payers with details of payment including amount and nature of payment
3. Guide payers on e-collection processes including how to pay at the bank or through other channels of the CBN Payment Gateway (Remita).
4. Where applicable, ensure that appropriate services are rendered upon confirmation of payment
THE ROLE OF OFFICE OF THE ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION (OAGF)
Ensure effective implementation of e-collection
2. Development of operational guidelines
3. Proper monitoring of the collection gateway
4. Prompt reconciliation of all collections
5. Support MDAs, banks and payers for smooth operation of e-collection
6. Regular monitoring of all collections to ensure that they are promptly remitted and accounted for
7. Issuance as well as continuous review and update of the e-Collection guidelines and processes
8. Abide by the provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with CBN, Service Provider and Banks
THE ROLE OF SERVICE PROVIDER ie Remitta, Interswtich etc
Work with CBN, OAGF and other stakeholders to articulate system requirements
2. Provide a robust, stable and effective integrated processing platform
3. Ensure the optimal availability of all relevant systems and platforms
4. Provide effective and efficient support to users of the platform
5. Provide users with relevant reports
6. Training of users on the use of the payment gateway.
E-PAYMENT
This is an electronic system of payment for all of government funds through the banks either commercial banks or CBN. The Federal Government of Nigeria commenced the implementation of Treasury Single Account (TSA) in April 2012, with the e-Payment component. E-payment covers the following transactions:
All payments to
contracts and consultants.
2. service providers e.g. PHCN.
3. payment to staff.
4. payment to other government agencies e.g. National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), National Housing Fund (NHF).
Issuance as well as continuous review and update of the e-Collection guidelines and processes
BENEFITS OF E-PAYMENT
These are some of the E-Payment benefits:
It eliminates the:
1. Unacceptable delay in payments
2. The uses of cheques in payment of all transactions within the Federation Government
3. Interaction between the contractor and government official in the payment of FG contracts
Some forensic accountants choose to specialise in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) due to their familiarity with both finances and the legal system. Business litigation can be a very expensive and costly. Generally, opposing attorneys will fight vigorously for their clients. When forensic accountants are engaged as EXPERT WITNESSES in business litigation, such fighting can drive up the cost of the expert witnesses and drive down the understanding of the forensic accountant’s work and, therefore, the client’s satisfaction with the forensic accountant.
In a typical business litigation scenario, the opposing attorneys may fight against providing information which the forensic accountant has requested in order to calculate damages or to perform a business valuation. Depending on the amount of rancor between the parties and level of antagonistic determination between the attorneys.
There are times he may have to perform the damage calculation or business valuation without all the relevant information he believes is necessary. In the absence of such information, the forensic accountant may have to make reasonable assumptions regarding the missing information. If there are differing assumptions by each side’s expert witness, significant differences in damage calculation or business valuation amounts may result.
In such situations, the parties often may expend significant time and incur significant costs in using these forensic accounting experts. Especially when there are significant differences of opinion between the two expert witnesses, the experts’ fees and attorney fees can be even higher. Both parties also may come away with confusion and misunderstanding regarding how the relevant damage amount or business’s value was determined.
This is because they may only speak with the expert retained by their attorney and must rely upon the deposition and/or courtroom testimony of the opposing expert without being able to ask their own questions. The use of alternate dispute resolution – such as mediation, arbitration, and negotiation – not only can reduce the cost of traditional business litigation, but also can help eliminate the uncertainty that comes from leaving the resolution of the dispute up to the Courts (judge or jury).
Examples of disputes that are prime candidates for alternate dispute resolution includes: • Business contract disputes • Shareholder/partner disputes • Employee termination disputes • Insurance claims • Royalty payment disputes • Patent/trademark disputes • Business merger and acquisition • Local disputes, • Global disputes,
How the role of the forensic accounting expert differ in Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) • First, the forensic accounting expert can be jointly retained by both parties as opposed to by just one party in traditional business litigation.
• Next, because of the joint retention of the forensic accounting expert, both parties are more cooperative and better able to share all the necessary information needed by the forensic accounting expert. Thus, there is also usually less of a need to make assumptions.
• Finally, the expert witness report can be openly reviewed with both parties. Because this is a joint retention, the forensic accounting expert can be more open and informative with both parties and stand ready to fully answer either party’s questions. This helps to eliminate confusion and lack of understanding regarding the damage calculation or business valuation and the forensic accounting expert’s process.
• Additionally, the cost for the forensic accounting expert will be less, because only one expert is retained instead of two, and because the cost of depositions and/or courtroom testimony can be eliminated.
The Role of the Forensic Accountant In Mediation A forensic accountant has a number of possible roles to play, which are discussed below.
Expert Accountant acting as a Mediator. Accountants may play a role in a dispute by acting as a mediator. For example, disputes involving business valuations, application of technical accounting standards or which require business acumen and experience in a particular industry or sector may benefit from having a mediator with the requisite expertise in these areas.
The Forensic Accountant’s role in calculating damages and attending the Mediation. In complex commercial disputes requiring an expert opinion on the quantum of damages, for example in a case whereby one party may have suffered a loss of profits following a breach of contract by another party, a forensic accountant may be retained as an independent expert to provide an independent assessment of the amount in dispute. In such a case the forensic accountant may be requested to prepare an expert report, attend a meeting of experts with an opposing expert, or advise their client on a range of their potential losses depending on a number of factors or assumptions. In mediation, the forensic accountant can provide a similar role, assisting a mediator in dealing with and understanding complex financial issues.
Forensic accountant role to serve as appointed receiver or monitor
Forensic accountant role as Consulting or testifying expert
Forensic accountant role as impartial neutral with specialized expertise
Forensic accountant role as Advisor to party during mediation
Conclusion The philosophy behind Alternative Dispute Resolution is to ensure that parties involve resolve their dispute without anyone of them feel aggrieved. ADR is a good mechanism to resolve disputes among individual and organisation both local and international level. The presenter believes and suggests to us that all avenues available within ADR be explored fully before approaching the court. Even now that so many cases are queuing in the court without definite date of conclusion, is an issue that need immediate action by the government.
The benefits of ICAN certificate to all area of our lives are enormous. ICAN, whose membership comprises of accountants, auditors, and accounting technicians. It was established in 1965 by Act of Parliament No. 15 of 1st September 1965 (the ICAN Act) (icanig.org). Since then, it has improved the lives of its members and the nation in general.
Being a member of ICAN make you become a professional in accountancy. Opportunities will be available to you when you become a full member of ICAN. A lot of information will be available to you to create wealth.
In the public sector, apart from increase morale and a sense of achievement, there are other things to enjoy. This report looked at two things that are considered benefits of ICAN certificate. If you are a qualified member of ICAN before you got employment cadre of the Federal Government of Nigeria, these are your benefits.
Entry-level with ICAN certificate
This means the moment you are qualified as a chartered accountant before gaining employment in the public sector, you have a chance to start in Grade Level 10.
ICAN members with certificate will still be considered for employment in the public sector in line with the provision of the existing scheme of service even without them having a first degree.
It is only ICAN and other related qualifications prescribed in the scheme of service considered for civil service appointment without a first degree.
The entry point for every ICAN member is GL 10.
Advancement of ICAN qualified members
Advancement means moving an officer up from one rank to a higher one within his class or cadre. It is not the same with conversion.
An officer who is on a Grade Level 08 advanced to Grade Level 10. It is a way, a type of promotion. The officer must possess the qualification, which the scheme of service stipulated for holders of that office.
In the case of ICAN members’ already in service, whose grade is below Grade Level 10 and who obtain ICAN qualification is qualified to be advanced to Grade level 10.
The moment that employee sits for ICAN exams and qualify. He or she is qualified to notify his or her employer of the new qualification for considerations.
Ordinarily, the promotion would have taken a minimum of 6 years if he or she passes the confirmation and promotion exams. The power of the ICAN certificate can make it possible in two years.
Conclusion
Student of accounting in higher institutions and accounting officers in the service of the Federal Government needs to take advantage of this opportunity that is made available. This qualification needs to be presented before attaining grade level 10. I
NOTE:
This post is not a legal advice. You are to carry out due diligent on your own.
Relevance of Source Documents to organizations cannot be over emphasized. It is important to an accountant and organization in the event of fraud.
Relevance of Source Documents
1. Audit Trail
Audit trail is a set of accounting documents that authenticate the transactions you record in your accounting books. Furthermore, it provides evidence that transaction has occurred. Also, during audit, source documents serve as back up for accounting journals and ledgers. Every business owner is responsible for recording the company’s transactions. Moreover, the relevance of source document to audit trail is such that it must have to include information about what the event was, who created the event, and the day and time the event happened.
2. Full Details of Transactions
It reveals all the basic fact about the transaction such as the amount of the transaction, to whom the transaction was made, the purpose of the transaction. Also, the date of transaction, serial number of the document, name of document such as Local Purchase Order (LPO), receipt, particular of person issuing the document, particular of person authoring the document, name of company/department issuing the document and name of company/department receiving the document.
3. Internal Control System
Internal controls system are the devices, rules, and measures effected by a company. This internal control ensures the integrity of financial and accounting information, uphold accountability, and prevent fraud. Source document is a good internal control mechanism.
4. Assist Accountants
Source documents assist accountants to prepare financial statement which auditor need for investigation. The movement starts from source documents to journalize transactions. In addition, posting is the process of transferring journal entries to the general ledger or subsidiary ledgers, depending on the needs of a company, by account.
5. Reference
In the accounting world, source documents include purchase order, sales invoice, bank statement, and receipts.
Source documents are created any time a business spends or receives money. However, when there is a report of any investigation into a transaction says fraudulent withdrawal from the bank, the bank statement which is one of the source documents will serve as reference point.
6. Correct Errors
Sources document one will be able to verify whether or not an accounting entry is accurate or correct. It is used to correct errors and omission of transactions. Also, situation where staff will deliberately omit or cause error to occurred will be detected with the investigation of the source documents.
7. Reconciliation
Source documents helps to reconcile with the balances in accounts to see if some documents have not been recorded. Also, if some transactions recorded in the accounts do not appear to have any supporting documents. Frequent reconciliation of account will help to reduce fraudulent activities.
Conclusion.
The relevance of source documents to checkmating fraud is such that organization will need to monitor. That will ensure the right thing is done with the available resources.
There are basic assumptions which underline the preparation of financial statements of business enterprise. There are stated below:
Going concern concept: accounting assumes that the business will continue to operate for a long period of time. In other words, it means continuity in business or Continuity Assumption.
The continue preparation of financial statement in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) is an evidence of going concern. Even the auditor may also carry out investigation see that the going concern is intact.
Example of going concern is prepayment and accrual of expenses. The company accept these expenses because they believe the business will continue to run. If for example any part or section or department or product line is discontinue, it does not means there is no longer a going concern. Going concern is for the entire company.
During Covid19, a lot of companies had financial issues and were unable to pay their obligation. Various government gives those companies a bailout and a guarantee of all payments to creditors. The companies are a going concern despite of its current weak financial position. But if government imposes a restriction on the manufacture of a certain goods and service for the period say 1 year. Then the company will no longer be a going concern since they might not be able to sell any product.
2. Entity concept: This accounting concept separates the business from its owner. Meaning the business is a legal entity. It can sue and be sued. It also means the owners of a business are limited to how much he has invested not his personal resources. So for example, if the owner brings in additional capital into the business, we will treat this as a liability on the balance sheet of the business.Entity concept ensures that each company is tax separately.
Let look at these examples, Mrs. Ese bought a building having 5 office space for $5000 per month. She uses three office for his business and two for personal purpose. In line with business entity concept, only $3,000 (the rent of two offices) is a valid expense of the business
Another example is when owner of a business lends loan to his company. It would be strictly recorded as a liability and that has to be paid back to the owner.
3. Matching Concept:This concept states that the revenue and the expenses of a transaction should be included in the same accounting period. So to determine the income of a period all the revenues and expenses (whether paid or not) must be included. The matching accounting concept follows the realization concept. First, the revenue is recognized and then we match the costs associated with the revenue. So costs are matched with revenue, the reverse would be an incorrect system.
4. Dual concepts: this says that there are two aspects of accounting. It is represented by the assets of the business and liabilities (i.e. claims against it). Assets =liabilities + capital. So for example. Say the business buys an asset worth N10, 000. So now the Fixed Assets of the company will increase by N10, 000. But at the same time, the bank or cash balance will reduce by N10, 000 and so the transaction will have a dual effect in accounting. And also the Balance Sheet will stay balanced.
5. Realization concepts: in accounting, profit should not be recognized until the goods are passed to the customer.
6. Money measurement concept: Accounting is only concerned with the facts that can be measured in monetary terms with fair degree of objectivity. Accounting does not record that the firm has a bad or good management team, poor morale among staff. So for example, if the company underwent a major management overhaul this would have no effect on the accounting records. This concept is actually one of the major drawbacks of accounting.
7. Accrual concept: Revenue and cost are usually recorded in accounts when they are earned or incurred rather than when the money is received or paid.
8. Full Disclosure Concept: This concept states that all relevant information will be disclosed in the accounting statements. A lot of external users depend on these financial statements for their information to make investing decisions. So no information/transactions etc of relevance to any one of them will be omitted from these statements for the benefit of the company.
9. Cost Concept: This accounting concept states that all assets of the firm are entered into the books of account at their purchase price (cost of acquisition + transport + installation etc). In the subsequent years to, the price remains the same (minus depreciation charged). The market price of the asset is not taken into consideration.
10. Accounting Period Concept:Every organization, according to its needs, chooses a specific period of time to complete an accounting cycle. Generally, the time chosen is a year we call the accounting year. The time period is mentioned in the financial statements.
11. Substance over form: usually transactions are recorded and accounted for by their commercial realities rather than their legal form. Substance over form is an accounting concept which means that the economic substance of transactions and events must be recorded in the financial statements rather than just their legal form in order to present a true and fair view of the affairs of the entity.
12. Faithful representation: For financial report to be useful, the financial information must not only represent relevant phenomena but must faithfully represent the phenomena that it purports to represent.
13. Timeliness: It means having information available to decision makers in time to be capable of influencing their decisions. The older the information the less important it become.
14. Relevance: Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions made by users.
15. Comparability: The information about a firm is more useful if it can be compared with similar information about other enterprise and with similar information about the same enterprise for another period or date.
