Conceptual framework is dealt with in this post. In line with theoretical foundation and previous research related to this study, a conceptual framework that describes the relationship between environmental accounting and sustainability development in Nigeria. The independent variable (predictor variable) used are oil spillage cost, oil drilling waste disposal cost and degradation as dimensions while the dependent variable (criterion variable) used are human development index and human poverty index as measures.
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Figure 1:1 Conceptual framework of environmental accounting and sustainability development in Nigeria
Sources: (List all your source.)
Note
Indicators
Some school will require you list out the indicators as a bullet under the dimensions of independent variables and measure of dependent variables. Ensure all the indicators are discussed in chapter two (i.e. literature review). One essence of indicator is that it will increase the literature of your work. It will also make it easier for someone to see at glance the direction of your work.
Source of Reference
The essence of the source of reference is because someone may have use one of the dimensions of independent variable and measures of dependent variable before now. So, you have to reference those author accordingly.
Operational Framework
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The model in Figure 2:1 above, showed the relationship between environmental accounting and sustainability development in Nigeria. Environmental accounting is the predictor variable with the following dimensions oil spillage cost, oil drilling waste disposal cost and degradation, while sustainability development in Nigeria is the criterion variable with a measure as human development index and human poverty index, whereas the moderating variable is firm size. The directions of the arrows shows the direction of the study relationship. The operational framework thus, illustrates the hypothesised relationship with each arrows representing a study hypothesis. In the operational framework each of the dimensions of environmental accounting are linked to the measures of sustainability development in Nigeria.
Heuristic Model
This Heuristic Model below is showing the result of the test between the dimensions of environmental accounting and measures of sustainability development in Nigeria.
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Figure 5.1: Heuristic model of environmental accounting and sustainability development in Nigeria
Key
Bold line indicates strong positive significant relationship
This heuristic model in figure 5:1 shows the result of this study based on the hypotheses tested. The framework used an arrow to explain the relationship between variables that is significant and insignificant.
Conclusion
The design of conceptual framework, operational framework and heuristic model are dynamic in nature. All the design does not need to follow this pattern.
Always find out from your school the accepted design. This information shared will guide you as a researcher and student of higher institution in producing a better thesis and publications.
Unknowingly, many agricultural programme embarked upon by government, private companies and even individual all help to reduce carbon emission from the atmosphere.
Global Landscapes Forum
Agriculture by-products can cut emission. For example, biomass can be used directly in agriculture as a fertiliser, or it can be used as a source of energy for the power, buildings, industry or transport sectors and also biogas from animal wastes could also be used as an energy source.
A tree can absorb as much as 48 pounds of carbon dioxide per year and can sequester (hide-away or isolate) 1 ton of carbon dioxide by the time it reaches 40 years old. Carbon sequestration is a natural or artificial process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and held in solid or liquid form. CARBON CREDIT AND CARBON TAX: OTHER SOURCES OF REVENUE FOR NIGERIA. |
Wikipedia
Reservoirs is a carbon sink if it retain carbon and keep it from entering Earth’s atmosphere. Deforestation lead to carbon emission into the atmosphere. But when the forest is regrowth that is a form of carbon sequestration, with the forests themselves serving as carbon sinks.
Conclusion
Tree planting is for our benefit. These are some benefit of tree planting to humanity. Trees give off oxygen that we need to breathe. Trees reduce the amount of storm water runoff. Trees reduces erosion and pollution in our waterways and also reduce the effects of flooding. Many species of wildlife depend on trees for habitat. Trees provide food, protection, and homes for many birds and mammals. Tree remove carbon emission from the air. de food, protection, and homes for many birds and mammals.
Carbon credit and carbon tax: Other sources of Revenue for Nigeria
Emissions that aren’t with the production of industrial and consumer goods should be taxed.
A carbon tax is one of the tool government used to check climate change. The two is emission and offset trading system (that encourage carbon credit). Government intervention is a tool to fight climate change. The government uses two methods as discussed below to put climate change in a check (Carbon Emission Accounting and Economic Growth in Nigeria).
1). QUANTITY-BASED
The Quantity-based measures depend on regulations to check climate change. The quantity-based measures are called emission and offset trading systems or cap and trade. Quantity-based measures are the most common interventions by any government.
In quantity-based believes that each country/company is assigned a fixed amount of carbon emissions which is a cap/limit by the government, measured in carbon credits. When a company emits less than permitted emissions, it can sell the rest to companies that are unable to reduce their emissions level. This method can earn companies that are meeting up with a cap limit by the government, huge revenue.
Government through the agency(NESREA ) reduces the emission caps each year to set a new pollution target and allocate new emission limits to industries. This way, companies are forced to seek other ways to meet their energy needs, thereby embracing green technology. The carbon credits of a company are rights for emission. Each unit gives the right to emit one metric tonne of CO2.
A carbon credit is a permit that allows the company that holds it to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. On the 9th June 2021, at the 2021 Nigeria International Petroleum Summit (NIPS) held in Abuja, it was reported that Nigeria recorded its first proceed from carbon from the partnership of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and TotalEnergies.
2). PRICE-BASED
Price-based talk about carbon taxes. A carbon tax is a levy on the carbon content of fuels used. Carbon tax a tax paid on the emission of carbon (CO2) into the atmosphere by any organisation. It is a form of carbon pricing that offers a double dividend. By double dividend, it means revenue generation and behavioural change. The double dividend in the sense that as government generate revenue at the same time bring about behavioural change among the polluters.
Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel (coal, petroleum and natural gas) and is released as carbon dioxide (CO2) when they are burnt. Hydrocarbons are released into the air when volatile fuels evaporate from storage tanks. They are also found in the exhaust of motor vehicles when fuel is burnt incompletely. If not control they can cause cancer and lead to the formation of photochemical smog (otherwise called Soot “black soot” as we currently experienced around Port Harcourt, Nigeria and its environs). In contrast, non-combustion energy sources—wind, sunlight, hydropower, and nuclear—do not convert hydrocarbons to CO2. CO2 is a heat-trapping “greenhouse” gas.
The reason carbon tax is overdue in Nigeria is that it will internalize the externality. What this means is that the final price of the good should include the social cost and not just the private cost. It is similar to the ‘polluter pays principle.
The ‘polluter pays principle is the commonly accepted practise that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment. The polluter-pays principle was incorporated into international law at the 1992 Rio Summit.
A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content but Nigeria is still lacking behind. South Africa for example has developed a robust carbon tax system since 2016. The aim is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from key sectors such as mining, transportation and agriculture and to achieve sustainable development. Sadly, other African countries have failed in this regard. If a carbon tax is to be successful in your country, then one must embrace the efficiency that follows.
Some countries that have implemented carbon tax or energy tax are:
South Africa;
Columbia;
Denmark;
Japan;
Mexico;
Finland;
Germany;
Chile;
France;
Canada;
Iceland;
Costa Rica;
Ireland;
Italy;
The Netherland;
Norway;
Slovenia;
Sweden;
Switzerland, and the
United Kingdom etc
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CARBON TAX AND CARBON CREDIT (CAP & TRADE SYSTEM)
Carbon tax does not guarantee decreased carbon emissions but focuses on revenue generation, while carbon credit (cap and trade) system helps to sets emission limits.
